TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 21
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 21
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 21
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET 21
1.4 CURRENCY AND PRICING 23
1.5 LIMITATIONS 24
1.6 MARKETS COVERED 24
2 MARKET SEGMENTATION 28
2.1 MARKETS COVERED 28
2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE 29
2.3 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 29
2.4 DBMR TRIPOD DATA VALIDATION MODEL 30
2.5 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS WITH KEY OPINION LEADERS 33
2.6 DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID 34
2.7 VENDOR SHARE ANALYSIS 36
2.8 MULTIVARIATE MODELING 37
2.9 SERVICE PROVIDERS' TIMELINE CURVE 37
2.10 MARKET END-USE COVERAGE GRID 38
2.11 SECONDARY SOURCES 39
2.12 ASSUMPTIONS 39
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 40
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 43
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 44
5.1 DRIVERS 46
5.1.1 HIGH ADOPTION OF VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MODEL 46
5.1.2 INCREASE IN POPULATION, RAPID URBANIZATION, AND INDUSTRIALIZATION 46
5.1.3 EMERGENCE OF EVS & ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET 48
5.1.4 GROWING DEMAND FOR ADAS VEHICLES AND ITS SUBSCRIPTION MODEL 48
5.2 RESTRAINT 50
5.2.1 HIGH CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR 50
5.3 OPPORTUNITIES 51
5.3.1 ADVENT OF SMART CONNECTED VEHICLE 51
5.3.2 RISE IN PENETRATION OF AUTOMOTIVE SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE PROVIDERS 52

5.4 CHALLENGES 53
5.4.1 PREVALENT VEHICLE LEASING, RENTAL, AND SHARING MODEL 53
5.4.2 LIMITED SUPPLY OF VEHICLES FOR SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES 54
6 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY SERVICE PROVIDERS 55
6.1 OVERVIEW 56
6.2 OEMS & CAPTIVES 57
6.3 INDEPENDENT/THIRD PARTY SERVICE PROVIDER 57
7 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE 58
7.1 OVERVIEW 59
7.2 ICE 60
7.2.1 DIESEL 60
7.2.2 PETROL 60
7.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLE 61
8 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY BUSINESS MODELS 62
8.1 OVERVIEW 63
8.2 AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS 64
8.3 AUTOMOTIVE DEALERSHIP 64
8.4 CAR SUBSCRIPTION SOFTWARE PROVIDERS 65
8.5 START-UPS AND CORPORATE-BACKED VENTURES 65
8.6 OTHERS 66
9 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY END-USE 67
9.1 OVERVIEW 68
9.2 CORPORATE 69
9.2.1 AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS 69
9.2.2 AUTOMOTIVE DEALERSHIP 70
9.2.3 CAR SUBSCRIPTION SOFTWARE PROVIDERS 70
9.2.4 START-UPS AND CORPORATE-BACKED VENTURES 70
9.2.5 OTHERS 70
9.3 PRIVATE 71
9.3.1 AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS 71
9.3.2 AUTOMOTIVE DEALERSHIP 71
9.3.3 CAR SUBSCRIPTION SOFTWARE PROVIDERS 71
9.3.4 START-UPS AND CORPORATE-BACKED VENTURES 72
9.3.5 OTHERS 72

10 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY SUBSCRIPTION TYPE 73
10.1 OVERVIEW 74
10.2 MULTI BRAND 75
10.3 SINGLE BRAND (SINGLE BRAND SWAP) 75
11 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY PACKAGE 76
11.1 OVERVIEW 77
11.2 STANDARD 78
11.3 BUDGET 78
11.4 PREMIUM 79
12 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY SUBSCRIPTION PERIOD 80
12.1 OVERVIEW 81
12.2 1 TO 6 MONTHS 82
12.3 6 TO 12 MONTHS 82
12.4 MORE THAN 12 MONTHS 83
13 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY WHEEL DRIVE TYPE 84
13.1 OVERVIEW 85
13.2 FRONT WHEEL DRIVE 86
13.3 REAR WHEEL DRIVE 86
13.4 ALL WHEEL DRIVE 87
14 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY VEHICLE CLASS 88
14.1 OVERVIEW 89
14.2 MID-PRICED 90
14.3 LUXURY 90
15 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 91
15.1 OVERVIEW 92
15.2 PASSENGER CAR 93
15.2.1 SUV 94
15.2.2 CROSSOVER 94
15.2.3 HATCHBACK 94
15.2.4 SEDAN 94
15.2.5 MPV 94
15.2.6 COUPE 94
15.2.7 CONVERTIBLE 94

15.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLE 95
15.3.1 BEV VEHICLES 95
15.3.2 PHEV VEHICLES 95
15.3.3 HYBRID VEHICLES 95
15.4 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE 96
15.4.1 VANS 96
15.4.1.1 PASSENGER VANS 97
15.4.1.2 CARGO VANS 97
15.4.2 MINI BUS 97
15.4.3 PICK-UP TRUCKS 97
15.4.4 COACHES 97
15.4.5 OTHERS 97
15.5 HEAVY COMMERCIAL VEHICLE 97
16 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET, BY COUNTRY 98
16.1 EUROPE 98
16.1.1 GERMANY 104
16.1.2 U.K. 109
16.1.3 FRANCE 114
16.1.4 ITALY 119
16.1.5 SPAIN 124
16.1.6 NETHERLANDS 129
16.1.7 SWITZERLAND 134
16.1.8 RUSSIA 139
16.1.9 BELGIUM 144
16.1.10 TURKEY 149
16.1.11 REST OF EUROPE 154
17 EUROPE VEHICLE SUBSCRIPTION MARKET: COMPANY LANDSCAPE 155
17.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: EUROPE 155
18 SWOT ANALYSIS 156
19 COMPANY PROFILE 157
19.1 VOLKSWAGEN AG 157
19.1.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 157
19.1.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 157
19.1.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 158
19.1.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 158

19.2 MERCEDES-BENZ GROUP AG 159
19.2.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 159
19.2.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 159
19.2.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 160
19.2.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 160
19.3 BMW AG 161
19.3.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 161
19.3.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 161
19.3.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 162
19.3.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 162
19.4 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY 163
19.4.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 163
19.4.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 163
19.4.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 164
19.4.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 164
19.5 JAGUAR LAND ROVER LIMITED (A SUBSIDIARY OF TATA MOTORS) 165
19.5.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 165
19.5.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 165
19.5.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 166
19.5.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 166
19.6 TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION 167
19.6.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 167
19.6.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 167
19.6.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 168
19.6.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 168
19.7 AB VOLVO 169
19.7.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 169
19.7.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 169
19.7.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 170
19.7.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 170
19.8 FORD MOTOR COMPANY 171
19.8.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 171
19.8.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 171
19.8.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 172
19.8.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 172
19.9 GENERAL MOTORS 173
19.9.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 173
19.9.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 173
19.9.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 174
19.9.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 174
19.10 HERTZ GLOBAL HOLDINGS, INC. 175
19.10.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 175
19.10.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 175
19.10.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 176
19.10.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 176
19.11 RENAULT GROUP 177
19.11.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 177
19.11.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 177
19.11.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 178
19.11.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 178
19.12 ZIPCAR, INC. (A SUBSIDIARY OF AVIS BUDGET GROUP) 179
19.12.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 179
19.12.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 179
19.12.3 SOLUTION PORTFOLIO 180
19.12.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 180
20 QUESTIONNAIRE 181
21 RELATED REPORTS 185

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